Animal Testing Research Paper Essay

As residents of the United States we are qualified for our social equality. They incorporate our essential requirements for carrying on with a cheerful and safe life. Creatures anyway are not qualified for any rights to guarantee them security, great wellbeing, and appropriate day to day environments. Creature testing research facilities torment and slaughter honest creatures day by day. The research centers smell of synthetic substances and dye, and the confines are messy, and not appropriately kept. The horrendous scents fill their noses and they are compelled to stroll in their own pee and excrement. These creatures are required to endure in these conditions day by day, this isn't altruistic, and it is a moderate and excruciating demise. Holding a guiltless creature without wanting to and tormenting them with hurtful substances is creature mercilessness and ought to be illicit; there are effective elective approaches to creature testing. Creature testing is known as the utilization of creatures in analyses and improvement undertakings to decide poisonousness, measurements, and viability of test medicates before continuing to human clinical preliminaries (â€Å"Animal Testing†). Creature testing is such a disputable point since it includes utilizing a living life form to test various medications and synthetic compounds and can possibly have a lethal result. The measure of pressure put onto the creature all through the testing is unfortunate and difficult for the creature. It is much the same as a creature being severely beaten by their proprietor; sadly the medications and other frightful substances constrained onto the creature have long haul impacts and cause the creature to endure it to see the consequences of the test. This is so harsh and wrong. Creatures ought not need to endure this impossible torment. There are various explanations behind creature testing, the primary ones being for restorative purposes, for example, cosmetics brands and plastic medical procedure methods like Botox. Researchers utilize the creatures to investigate various medications and synthetic compounds and basically are searching for irregular responses from them. Being a female I buy distinctive corrective items that I use on an everyday premise. Makeup are articles planned to be applied to the human body for purging, enhancing, advancing allure, or changing the appearance without influencing the body’s structure or capacities (â€Å"Fact Sheetâ€Cosmetic Testing†). The absolute most ordinarily realized brands test their items on creatures. Organizations like Johnson and Johnson, Avon, Kleenex, Vaseline, Dove, Giorgio Armani, Maybelline, and innumerable more organizations test their items on creatures. Researchers direct skin disturbance tests that rub synthetic substances onto shaved skin or drop the synthetic substances into rabbit’s eyes with no torment medicine (â€Å"Fact Sheet-Cosmetic Testing†). They are trying items with the synthetic concoctions that might cause the bothering, for example, cosmetics remover, eye shadow, mascara, and things applied to the eye or eyelid. This test is clearly unfeeling and agonizing for the hares, however there are options in contrast to this test are others conscious and should be possible instead of it. Rather than putting the synthetic concoctions onto the hares, producers can drop the synthetic substances onto gave human corneas (Cosmetics and Household). Ladies wear cosmetics and buy items that are applied normally to the face and eyes. With those items I am believing that they will upgrade my physical highlights in a positive manner, however I would not need those items to be tried in such a remorseless and agonizing way. Ailments are another purpose behind testing on creatures. Malignant growth, Down disorder, heart issues, diabetes, and others are a portion of the principle illnesses researchers are attempting to discover solutions for. The opposite side to creature testing can conceivably spare lives by discovering remedies for these perilous ailments. This is the reason a few pieces of creature testing are so crucial to our wellbeing frameworks and patients. Numerous colleges use creatures to test in various kinds of preparing programs. At the University of Michigan nursing understudies utilized a feline to work on placing a cylinder into its windpipe. The objective of the method was for medical attendants chipping away at endurance trips to have the option to play out the technique to patients in basic condition. The feline was later received into a family and was not hurt by any stretch of the imagination (Kozlowski). Despite the fact that this specific technique appears to be innocuous to the f eline and sounds effortless crusades kept on challenging utilizing live creatures and PETA kept on squeezing the subject. They needed them to supplant utilizing live creatures with test systems which basically does likewise (Kozlowski). Tests like this that are done appear to be so minuet contrasted with others that are utilized for discovering fixes. Creature testing for human wellbeing has been supposed to be dangerous, questionable, and costly. On the opposite there have been situations where creature testing for clinical reasons has in certainty discovered antibodies and fixes. From 1940 to 1960 polio was one of the most mainstream and notable infections. Due to theâ research directed on creatures polio has been wiped out as a notable illness in view of an immunization that nearly everybody has gotten (Use of Animals). Today kids get a lifetime immunization for polio and are additionally inoculated against typhus, challenging hack, and lockjaw. I can see where the debate comes in. I unquestionably think discovering remedies for every one of these sicknesses are something that should be done, and yet creatures ought to have rights to their bodies. Creatures that are constrained into these offices to be tried on originate from every single distinctive piece of the world. Uniquely reproduced rodents and mice are the vertebrates utilized in most clinical exploration (â€Å"What Types of Animals†). Different vertebrates ordinarily found in research are guinea pigs, bunnies, hamsters, and livestock, for example, pigs and sheep (â€Å"What Types of Animals†). At times it has been supposed that a portion of the creatures are exceptionally reproduced for particular sorts of testing. This has brought up a great deal of issues with respect to how precise the tests really are. Various creatures are utilized for specific tests. In past investigations it was demonstrated that specific creatures respond distinctively to similar tests. This is the reason such a large number of various varieties and kinds of creatures are influenced by this; it includes such a large number of various supplies and hardware which thus can turn out to be exorbitant. Creature testing has been known to be an expensive and a deceptive method of finding precise fixes. A few tests can take months or even a very long time to direct and break down. This can bring about burning through many thousands, here and there even a great many dollars on one test (â€Å"Costs of Animal†). The wastefulness and extravagant expenses related with creature testing makes it incomprehensible for controllers to sufficiently assess the possible impacts of in excess of 100,000 synthetic concoctions around the world (â€Å"Costs of Animal†).The measure of time expected to direct one straightforward test is excessively outrageous. The creature is languishing over months to years, for one outcome that isn’t even ensured. The measure of cash spen t on one test isn’t justified, despite all the trouble, when the outcomes are not generally precise. Elective testing can spare numerous creature lives; they additionally are more affordable and set aside less effort to finish. The non-creature strategies are progressively compelling and above all, increasingly moral. Organizations should utilize advanced PC innovation for testing and medication improvement. Innovation has becomeâ the most significant thing in the public eye; it gives researchers the apparatuses to expand human abilities, so why are organizations declining to utilize the innovation that is introduced in the public eye? These strategic policies on tormenting creatures are against business morals. Populace considers have demonstrated what number of irresistible infections are caused and furthermore what number of can be forestalled. Indeed, the National Insitutes of Health announced that in excess of 80 HIV/AIDS antibodies that have passed creature testing have flopped in clinical preliminaries (â€Å"Alternatives: Testing without Torture†). Non-creature tests are another extraordinary other option. Non-creature tests incorporate an early stage foundational microorganism test, 3T3 nonpartisan red take-up photograph harmfulness tests and human skin extra from surgeries (â€Å"Alternatives: Testing without Torture†). There are such a significant number of options in contrast to creature testing that ought to be used as opposed to utilizing live creatures. Then again creature testing has added to finding a wide range of fixes and medicines for various infections. All things considered if you’re adored one has an illness and the best way to locate a viable fix is to test it on a creature, at that point you would need it done. Last chance assumes an immense job in why such a large number of individuals bolster creature testing. Creatures are the best thing to test on in light of the fact that they share indistinguishable qualities from people. Chimpanzees share 99% of their DNA with people, and mice are 98% hereditarily like people (Animal Testing-ProCon). Imparting DNA to a creature has such a large number of constructive outcomes; the likeliness of finding a fix from testing on one of these creatures could spare such a significant number of lives. Laws have controlled creature testing to keep the pitiless and agonizing acts from occurring (Animal Testing-ProCon). There are numerous positive sides to creature testing that might profit our wellbeing frameworks and patients. Creature Cruelty is unlawful in many states in the U.S. How is tormenting creatures, jabbing them with needles, scouring hurtful synthetic substances onto their bodies and at them lawful? It is characterized as something very similar. Holding a guiltless creature without wanting to and tormenting them with destructive substances is creature mercilessness and ought to be unlawful. There are sure options in contrast to discovering fixes and medicines. In spite of the fact that there are a few positives, the measure of cash, time, and creature savagery isn't justified, despite any potential benefits, considering the outcomes are not generally exact. The measures of stressâ they are gotten through in these labs are sufficient to execute them without the medications. The affliction and agony of these guiltless creatures are not worth ensuring our mascara doesn’t mak

The Siege and Capture of San Antonio

The Siege and Capture of San Antonio In October-December of 1835, defiant Texans (who alluded to themselves as â€Å"Texians†) laid attack to the city of San Antonio de Bã ©xar, the biggest Mexican town in Texas. There were some popular names among the besiegers, including Jim Bowie, Stephen F. Austin, Edward Burleson, James Fannin, and Francis W. Johnson. After about a month and a portion of attack, the Texians assaulted toward the beginning of December and acknowledged the Mexican acquiescence on December 9. War Breaks out in Texas​ By 1835, pressures were intense in Texas. Somewhat English pilgrims had originated from the USA to Texas, where land was modest and abundant, however they scraped under Mexican guideline. Mexico was in a condition of bedlam, having just won its autonomy from Spain in 1821. A significant number of the pilgrims, specifically, the new ones who were flooding into Texas day by day, needed autonomy or statehood in the USA. Battling broke out on October 2, 1835, when defiant Texians started shooting at Mexican powers close to the town of Gonzalez. Walk on San Antonio San Antonio was the most significant town in Texas and the radicals needed to catch it. Stephen F. Austin was named authority of the Texian armed force and promptly walked on San Antonio: he showed up there with somewhere in the range of 300 men in mid-October. Mexican General Martã ­n Perfecto de Cos, brother by marriage of Mexican President Antonio Lã ³pez de Santa Anna, chose to keep up a cautious position, and the attack started. The Mexicans were cut off from most supplies and data, yet the dissidents had little in the method of provisions too and had to rummage. The Battle of Concepciã ³n On October 27, civilian army pioneers Jim Bowie and James Fannin, alongside somewhere in the range of 90 men, ignored Austins requests and set up a cautious place to stay on the grounds of the Concepciã ³n strategic. Seeing the Texians partitioned, Cos assaulted from the start light the following day. The Texians were extraordinarily dwarfed yet kept their chill and drove the aggressors. The Battle of Concepciã ³n was an incredible triumph for the Texians and did a lot to improve spirit. The Grass Fight On November 26, the Texians got word that an alleviation section of Mexicans was drawing nearer San Antonio. Driven by and by Jim Bowie, a little crew of Texans assaulted, driving the Mexicans into San Antonio. The Texians discovered that it was not fortifications all things considered, however a few men conveyed to cut some grass for the creatures caught inside San Antonio. In spite of the fact that the â€Å"Grass Fight† was something of a disaster, it persuaded the Texians that the Mexicans inside San Antonio were getting edgy. Who Will Go with Old Ben Milam Into Bexar? After the grass battle, the Texians were uncertain about how to continue. The majority of the officials needed to withdraw and leave San Antonio to the Mexicans, a significant number of the men needed to assault, and still others needed to return home. Just when Ben Milam, a cantankerous unique pilgrim who had battled for Mexico against Spain, pronounced â€Å"Boys! Who will go with old Ben Milam into Bexar?† did the estimation for assault become the general accord. The assault started right off the bat December 5. Attack on San Antonio The Mexicans, who delighted in tremendously unrivaled numbers and a cautious position, didn't anticipate an assault. The men were separated into two sections: one was driven by Milam, the other by Frank Johnson. Texan ordnance besieged the Alamo and Mexicans who had joined the revolutionaries and realized the town drove the way. The fight seethed in the roads, houses and open squares of the city. By dusk, the dissidents held key houses and squares. On the 6th of December, the powers kept on battling, with neither creation huge increases. The Rebels Get the Upper Hand On the seventh of December, the fight started to support the Texians. The Mexicans delighted in position and numbers, however the Texans were increasingly precise and persistent. One loss was Ben Milam, executed by a Mexican sharpshooter. Mexican General Cos, hearing that alleviation was in transit, sent 200 men to meet them and escort them into San Antonio: the men, finding no fortifications, immediately abandoned. The impact of this misfortune on Mexican assurance was gigantic. In any event, when fortifications arrived on the eighth of December, they had little in the method of arrangements or arms and in this manner were very little assistance. End of the Battle By the ninth, Cos and the other Mexican pioneers had been compelled to withdraw to the vigorously sustained Alamo. At this point, Mexican departures and setbacks were high to such an extent that the Texians presently dwarfed the Mexicans in San Antonio. Cos gave up, and under the terms, he and his men were permitted to leave Texas with one gun each, yet they needed to swear never to return. By December 12, all the Mexican officers (with the exception of the most gravely injured) had incapacitated or left. The Texians held a rambunctious gathering to commend their triumph. The Aftermath of the Siege of San Antonio de Bexar The effective catch of San Antonio was a major lift to the Texian spirit and cause. From that point, a few Texans even chose to cross into Mexico and assault the town of Matamoros (which finished in a debacle). In any case, the effective assault on San Antonio was, after the Battle of San Jacinto, the renegades greatest triumph in the Texas Revolution. The city of San Antonio had a place with the rebels...but did they truly need it? A considerable lot of the pioneers of the freedom development, for example, General Sam Houston, didn't. They called attention to that the greater part of the pilgrims homes were in eastern Texas, a long way from San Antonio. Why hold a city they didn't require? Houston requested Bowie to destroy the Alamo and surrender the city, however Bowie rebelled. Rather, he braced the city and the Alamo. This drove legitimately to the wicked Battle of the Alamo on March 6, wherein Bowie and about 200 different safeguards were slaughtered. Texas would at long last addition its autonomy in Aprilâ 1836, with the Mexican annihilation at the skirmish of San Jacinto. Sources: Brands, H.W. Solitary Star Nation: New York: Anchor Books, 2004.the Epic Story of the Battle for Texas Independence. Henderson, Timothy J. A Glorious Defeat: Mexico and its War with the United States.New York: Hill and Wang, 2007.

5 Toni Morrison Picture Books Written With Her Son Slade Morrison

5 Toni Morrison Picture Books Written With Her Son Slade Morrison Toni Morrison will be remembered for many things she created. For her 11 novels, including  Beloved  and  The Bluest Eye  and  Song of Solomon.  For her essays. For being a Pulitzer Prize winner and a Nobel Laureate. For her work as an editor promoting the writing of other Black authors. For her teaching. As well as her commencement speeches, where she imparted quotable  wisdom like  â€œYour life is already artfulâ€"waiting, just waiting, for you to make it art and  The function of freedom is to free someone else. But did you know there are also Toni Morrison picture books? Many peopleâ€"even fansâ€"dont know about the picture books she co-wrote with her son, Slade Morrison. These Toni Morrison picture books challenge traditional perspectives in books by including diverse characters and unconventional morals. They are written in a mixture of rhyming poetry and free verse. All are such a gift to the world of childrens literature. The Big Box by Toni Morrison and Slade Morrison, illustrated by Giselle Potter Morrisons first picture book invokes the same nonlinear, dreamlike magical realism readers recognize in her novels for adults. Patty, Mickey, and Liza Sue are all children who dont fit in the confines of what adults in their lives expect of them. Because of this, theyre sent to live in big boxes with locks on the door. Caring adults, such as parents and teachers, bring them things that are supposed to make kids happy. Pizza. Bubble Gum. And plenty of LEGOs. But what Patty, Mickey, and Liza Sue truly crave is freedom. The metaphor of the box is highly relevant. But the pictures portray a more literal version of this complex, thoughtful story. Apparently, Slade came up with this story as a child and his mother helped translate it into poetic, lyrical rhymes. The Book of Mean People by Toni Morrison and Slade Morrison, Illustrated by  Pascal Lemaitre This picture book still sparks a lot of controversy. In a more sparsely written style, we meet a bunny who tells us various facts about mean people. Some of these are general statements, like that mean people can be big or small. Others call out characters in the bunnys life more specifically. For one funny example, the bunnys grandmother is mean for telling him to sit down and the grandfather is mean for telling him to sit up at same time. How can you be both up and down at the same time? Hilarious. The book validates a childs sense of anger, fear, and sadness. Many adults claim it vilifies parents trying to help and teaches children to be disrespectful. But kids love it and find it hilarious. And I think that adults who hate this book are mostly missing the point (and might even be mean people themselves). Whos Got game? The Ant of the Grasshopper?  by Toni Morrison and Slade Morrison, Illustrated by  Pascal Lemaitre This picture book uses graphic novel style illustrations and contemporary characters to retell the famous Aesop fable of the Grasshopper and the Ant. But unlike the original, this book takes a more critical look at Ant and gives Grasshopper more praise. In doing so, the story offers a critique of materialism and work centric culture, while emphasizing the importance of art. Told in modern, rhythmic language against a New York Cityâ€"like back drop, kids will love this book. Even though adults on the internet still bemoan its mixed up morals. The trio also created similar stories about The Lion and the Mouse? and The Poppy and the Snake.  And in older printings all three stories are often sold together as a collection. Peeny Butter Fudge by Toni Morrison and Slade Morrison, Illustrated by  Joe Cepeda This book has the same childlike point of view, emphasis on freedom, and lyrical poetic language as Morrisons previous picture books. But it also marks a shift to something that feels more familiar in childrens literature and less abstract. It is a celebration of the grandparent-grandchild relationship, a manifesto on passing down family recipes, and a strong argument not to be too structured. When mom leaves Nana in charge, she gives clear instructions for the kids schedule and nutritious food. Nana sticks to it a little, adding in her own joyful twists like dancing instead of watching television and making fudge instead of getting granola bars for desert. Please, Louise by Toni Morrison and Slade Morrison, Illustrated by  Shadra Strickland Morrisons last picture book moves into a more adult-like narrator giving advice to a lonely, sad child. Louise is very afraid of the world around her. She wonders what lurks behind the leaves in the tree. She worries about what monsters live in the junkyard and thinks the abandoned house in her neighborhood is haunted. But the world doesnt seem so scary after Louise gets a new vision of the world through reading at the library. Instead of imagining scary things all around her, books have made her neighborhood go back to normal. Theyve also soothed her sense of loneliness. Readers who loved Morrison are attempting to celebrate, grieve, and commemorate the unparalleled writer. There are many ways to do this, but one is to find one of her picture books in the library, bookstore, or even watch a read aloud video online. You will see the same luxurious attention to language, shift from traditional perspectives, and authentic voice in each of them. And if you have young readers in your life, this is a great time to introduce them to the works of Toni Morrison. Sign up to The Kids Are All Right to receive news and recommendations from the world of kid lit and middle grade books. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

The Lottery And The State Of Georgia - 1267 Words

As the MC announces the letters and numbers, the participants are concentrating heavily over their many cards making sure not to miss the chance for a win. Then someone yells, â€Å"BINGO!† Bingo is only one of three legal forms of gambling allowed in the state of Georgia. The other two are, the Georgia state lottery and raffles, which are all state controlled. Out of the three, the lottery has been the most beneficial to the state. A portion of earnings from the state-run lottery goes towards the HOPE scholarship to ensure low-income students the opportunity to attend some form of continued education after completing high school. These funds from the state lottery are slowly diminishing, which affects the amount of scholarship monies available for disbursement to needy students. To repair the economic crisis, the state of Georgia should highly consider legalizing other forms of gambling. States that have granted casinos the permission to operate noticed a significant increa se in the employment rate, benefits from state and local tax revenue, boost in retail sales and a revitalized housing market. First, when allowing casinos into parts of the state, it brings with it multiple opportunities for employment, i.e., construction jobs, manager positions, server positions, gaming technicians, etc. When casinos enter a state, research has proven that the unemployment rate dropped significantly. According to the University of Chicago, National Opinion Research Center (NORC),Show MoreRelatedThe Lottery And The State Of Georgia1272 Words   |  6 Pagesthree legal forms of gambling allowed in the state of Georgia. The other two are, the Georgia state lottery and raffles, which are all state controlled. Out of the three, the lottery has been the most beneficial to the state. A portion of earnings from the state-run lottery go towards the HOPE scholarship to insure low-income students are eligible to attend some form of continued education after completing high school. These funds from the state lottery are slowly diminishing, which affects the amountRead MoreState Lotteries1076 Words   |  5 PagesState Lotteries: Take a Second Look From the time the Europeans first landed on the Atlantic shore, lotteries have been a part of the American society. According to Will Spink, most states are currently operating a state lottery despite its bleak history in the U.S. (Spink 1). Since 1983, North Carolina has introduced lottery bills in the legislature every year (NC Christian 15). North Carolina Governor, Mike Easley, favors a lottery for increasing revenues for education (Analysis 2). HoweverRead MoreLegalization of Gambling Pro/Pro1561 Words   |  7 PagesTuesday November 28, 2000 Pro/Pro The Legalization of Gambling The Tenth Amendment of the United States Constitution in the Bill of Rights respectfully states The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. (Gerald Murphy, Cleveland Free-Net). This Amendment states the individuals choice about how to spend ones money. There are a few reasons that the Government shouldRead More Legalization Of Gambling Essay1545 Words   |  7 PagesThe Legalization of Gambling nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Tenth Amendment of the United States Constitution in the Bill of Rights respectfully states â€Å"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people†. (Gerald Murphy, Cleveland Free-Net). This Amendment states the individual’s choice about how to spend ones money. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There are a few reasons that theRead MoreProprietors Of Charles River Bridge V. Warren1064 Words   |  5 PagesHOLDINGS: No. No exclusive rights over water and they did not intend to invade company profit, new travel and trade have priority in the decision of the court. The court saw no real claim to the water the bridge is over. RATIONALE: Court held that the state did not violate any contract by creating a second bridge. The court saw fair abilities for both bridges to have multiple travel choices per society. SEPARATE OPINION: 5 votes Warren Bridge, 2 votes against. HOMEBUILDING V. BLISDELL.1934. FACTS OFRead More GAMBLING FOR EDUCATION Essay906 Words   |  4 Pagesif you pass this bill †(Williams). Senator J.T. â€Å"Jabo† Waggoner, of Alabama, made this statement opposing the lottery bill. At first glance, this would put fear in the predominantly protestant state of Alabama, which is in the heart of the Bible Belt, as well as surrounding states that are trying to obtain a lottery. However, these problems are prevalent in the country, without the lottery. First we’ll look to Webster’s Dictionary to define gambling. Webster says 1 a: to play a game for money or propertyRead MoreThe Issue Of The Lottery943 Words   |  4 Pageslottery is one of only a few that operates a compulsive gambling treatment operation as part of its regular operations, employing six problem gambling experts. Five states require a telephone number for help for problem gamblers be printed on its lottery tickets (National Gambling Impact, 1999). Are the risks too high and are the choices made when gambling beneficial for the greatest number affected versus profitability for the state lotteries, businesses who manufacture goods and services forRead MoreEssay on Harmful Effects of Legalized Gambling1644 Words   |  7 Pagesstating, Its part of the American landscape, theyll trade morality for dollars (1). In North and South Carolina, for example, the last governor election showed that the people were for legal gambling by voting in governors who wanted a lottery. Now in the U.S., 47 states including the District of Columbia have legalized gambling. This increase in gambling is argued to be good for the economy, but there is further proof that it not only hurts the economy but society as well. Gambling has become outrageousRead MoreThe Trail Of Tears : The Removal Of The Indians1631 Words   |  7 Pagesfaced in the years leading up the removal of the Cherokees. And though the removal of the Cherokees was completely illegal, the United States government still sought to justify the Cherokee removal with ideas that in retrospect proved to be mostly opinions and exaggerations. One of the most popular ideas that justified the Indian Removal was that the United States was moving the Cherokees for their own sake. Lewis Cass, a supporter of the Indian Removal and a governor of Michigan territory, wroteRead MoreIs Lottery a Good Idea1189 Words   |  5 Pages(Merriam). Origin of gambling in the United States The first lottery was held in the America by the Virginia Company with the permission of the Crown to raise money to finance the establishment of the Colony in 1612. The lotteries were relatively sophisticated and included instant winners. All the original 13 raised revenue through lotteries. The proceeds were used to establish Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Dartmouth, Princeton, and William and Mary. Lottery funds were also used to build churches and

Tips on Writing an Expository Essay on Science and Technology

An expository essay on technology and science is all about explanation of a particular matter by means of factual data, concise and clear ideas. Towards the last sentence of the paper, you, as the author, are supposed to be able to provide an argument based on the facts given within the body of the essay. Here are some tips for you to rely on in the process of writing. Step 1. Focus on the main topic Easy enough, but in case of science and technology topic, you will have to narrow it down for it is too general and has already been discussed countless times. Choose the narrower theme to study. Make sure to work with something that can grasp the reader’s attention and can be backed by a lot of info at the same time. Try to ponder over whether the modern technology always makes the humankind life better? Or find out whether the 21st century individual relies too much on the science and technology. Step 2. Collect info related to the chosen topic Gather all the facts relevant to the essay topic from the newspapers, books, journals and Internet pages. Information may include research findings, historical facts and statistical data. For those who decide to write about the world of digital information and prefer statistics, make sure to mention that the amount of info created and then shared in five years (by the end of 2011) increased nine-fold to two zettabytes!  Moreover, by 2015, digital info creation and spreading will quadruple. Sounds impressive! Step 3. Develop the thesis statement within the introductive section It’s up to you to choose whether you provide your thesis statement within the last or the first sentence of the paper. In case you put it down within the first essay sentence, make certain to provide enough supporting material. On the other hand, once you place it at the end of the essay, get sure the sentences that go previously are built in a logical way right until your last sentence. Step 4. Share out your facts in the essay body It doesn’t matter how many paragraphs will be there in your essay – you should make sure to provide each key idea within a separate paragraph. Do not forget to support every single word with relevant figures and facts. For instance, the topic of your preference is about Internet technologies popularity all over the globe. Make sure to say that the country with fastest-growing number of Internet users is now (wow!) Iran. During the previous year the amount of web population has increased by almost 200%. Step 5. Finish up Assess the expository essay topic in the brightest light of the provided evidence. Remember, here you’ve got your last opportunity to establish the basic argument you’ve dig out of all the facts covered within the body of the paper. Make sure all your ideas are easily understandable and backed by solid facts – the last sentence is about as important as the first one.

Year of Wonders Essay Free Essays

The plague brings out the best in the village. Do you agree? Throughout the plague year many of the villagers were affected by the tragic hit of the plague. One of the main themes in the novel ‘’fear’’ is something that highly affects the actions and and can completely change their values and morals. We will write a custom essay sample on Year of Wonders Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Fear which comes complimentary with the plague and can bring out the best and the worst in the villagers. Times of crisis can bring out a monster in all of us, but can a just like jon said â€Å"these times they do make monsters of us all†lso but times like this can also bring out the good. As the plague hit Anna’s town lack of scientific and medical information lead the villagers to draw their own conclusions and superstitions, of the plague. We see fear and emotions take control of the villagers through the lynching of Anys Gowdie, by the angry mob. the crazed mob which accuses Anys of witchcraft just exemplifies the notion that faith can blind people along with fear. This event was uncalled for and horrific. The villagers were put under a permanent state of stress and terror, which led people to do some horrendous actions and behave in inhumane ways. In her last words Anys criticises the town and attacks them for their ignorance rather than professing a love for God, which may have saved her. Through these actions Brooks is able to explore the strength of one’s beliefs and morals in distressing situations. Anna however is not blinded by her faith like most of the villagers and does not believe that the plague is an act of God, or witchcraft and simply concludes that it was brought on by nature. perhaps the plague was neither proof God nor the Devil but simple a thing in nature as the stone on which we stub a toe† here Anna show her first signs of apostasy, question faith and shows the development of her new mindset This accentuates how Anna is wise beyond her time and her logic allows her to flourish in this unfortunate chain of events. Times of crisis and the plague can also bring out the good and courageous people like Anna, who are willing to support others and continue to maintain their values and morals no matte r what. Anna selflessly works to help the village in all she can do to help fight the plague. Throughout the plague year Anna flourishes. Despite the tragedy of her two sons and husband passing she moves on with her life and give it to helping others. anna develops a sense of identity and independence and begins to step up over the patriarchal standards of women at that time, questioning her faith and society. Crisis of the plague also brought about evil, along with those people who exploit the situation of death, fear and suffering. Jos exploits the villagers who are already suffering immensely, he buries people alive, takes their money and household goods. He shows no regard for humanity in his immoral behavior and is clearly driven by greed and his own selfish desires. Fear and tragedy can do many things to people. In Year of Wonders fear brought out the best and the worst in people. The villagers feared death and loss which was a powerful emotion. Times of crisis can change people and make monsters of all of us. The novel shows how fear can exploit bad epople like Anna’s father and Jos. But in others can bring out the best, and change a person for the better. How to cite Year of Wonders Essay, Essay examples

Artificial Selection free essay sample

Many different species have been altered through selective breeding. Selective breeding is a very common practice in the livestock breeding and has impacted the livestock industry greatly by using information obtain from research of the myostatin protein. History of selective breeding of cattle In the 1800s the demand for a better quality as well as quantity of beef was high. Cattle breeders begin to breed select breeds of cattle that appeared larger together in hopes of producing offspring with a larger quantity of meat. The selective breeding began with the Durham Shorthorns and Friesian cattle. (Lee, 2004) The result of the selective breeding produced 3 different strands of cattle breeds the Belgian Blue, Piedmontes and Parthenias. These breeds of cattle all have one similarity, that has proved to be very valuable, the inactive Myostatin protein. We will write a custom essay sample on Artificial Selection or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Due to the inactive Myostatin protein these cattle produce roughly 20 % more meat than other cattle. The Belgian Blue cattle are a common breed of cattle in the beef and livestock industry representing the double muscle trait caused by the inactive Myostatin protein. Myostatin In 1997 a research team from John Hopkins School of Medicine led by geneticists Dr. Se-Jin Lee and Alexandra McPherron released information from their research on how proteins regulate the growth of tissue in mice. Through their research the team unintentionally discovered the growth differentiation factor 8 (GDF-8) also known as Myostatin protein. With the discovery of the Myostatin protein the team decided to produce a mutant strain of mice that did not have the Myostatin protein. The results showed that the mutant mice had 3 times the muscle tissue than that of a regular mouse. The research showed that with the absence of the myostatin protein the muscle tissue did not have anything to regulate the size; therefore muscle tissue was extremely larger. The Myostatin (GDF-8) protein is a member of the transforming growth factor ? superfamily of secreted growth and differentiation factor. (Lee, 2004) Myostatin is a secreted protein that acts as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass. During embryogenesis, myostatin is expressed by cells in the myotome and in developing skeletal muscle and acts to regulate the final number of muscle fibers that are formed. (Lee, 2004) The research of Dr Se-Jin Lee and his colleagues brought the discovery of the Myostatin protein to the forefront of science. However they were not the only group of researcher. Two other research group have also reported finding on the Myostatin mutation. Micheal Georges of the University

Integration of Ethical and Responsible Practices in the Organization

20 More Smothered Verbs Set Free

20 More Smothered Verbs Set Free 20 More Smothered Verbs Set Free 20 More Smothered Verbs Set Free By Mark Nichol In the interests of trying to help prevent the smothering deaths of countless sentences, here’s a public-service announcement about how to avoid this senseless tragedy: If a noun phrase (verb plus preposition plus article plus noun, though variations are frequent) can be condensed by converting the noun to a verb and deleting the other words in the phrase, do it. It’s easy enough to write a sentence with a smothered verb I did it myself in a post last week (â€Å"The strategy has been a failure in reducing costs† is easily reduced to â€Å"The strategy failed to reduce costs.†) We’re likely to employ such sentence-stretching strategies in speech, but in writing, we have the opportunity to that is, we can make amends. Here are more examples: 1. See example above. 2. â€Å"The latter conclusion provides an example of the combination of risk factors at different levels.† â€Å"The latter conclusion exemplifies the combination of risk factors at different levels.† 3. â€Å"Call a stop to (or â€Å"put a stop to†) this nonsense.† â€Å"Stop this nonsense.† 4. â€Å"I’m glad they’ve come to an agreement.† â€Å"I’m glad they agree.† 5. â€Å"We’re here to conduct an investigation.† â€Å"We’re here to investigate.† 6. â€Å"They decided to conduct a review.† â€Å"They conducted a review.† (The original version is valid, however, if the review has not yet been conducted.) 7. â€Å"She conducted experiments into tearing the fabric of the space-time continuum.† â€Å"She experimented with tearing the fabric of the space-time continuum.† 8. â€Å"I’d like to extend an invitation for you to attend.† â€Å"I’d like to invite you to attend.† (Or, even more directly, â€Å"I invite you to attend.†) 9. â€Å"He didn’t give an indication of his plans.† â€Å"He didn’t indicate his plans.† 10. â€Å"They agreed to give consideration to his proposal.† â€Å"They considered his proposal.† 11. â€Å"I had a discussion with her about that very issue.† â€Å"I discussed that very issue with her.† 12. â€Å"We have a tendency to get carried away sometimes.† â€Å"We tend to get carried away sometimes.† (Or, even more directly, â€Å"We get carried away sometimes.†) 13. â€Å"Will the new policy have an effect on our procedures?† â€Å"Will the new policy affect our procedures?† 14. â€Å"They plan to hold a conference (or meeting) about the issue soon.† â€Å"They plan to confer (or meet) about the issue soon.† (Or â€Å"They will confer (or meet) about the issue soon,† though the meaning is slightly different.) 15. â€Å"The president is expected to make a statement about his opposition to the proposal later today.† â€Å"The president is expected to state his opposition to the proposal later today.† (The meaning is not identical, but the condensed sentence is valid.) 16. â€Å"I will make (or undertake) an examination of the premises immediately.† â€Å"I will examine the premises immediately.† 17. â€Å"The committee will perform an assessment of the situation.† â€Å"The committee will assess the situation.† 18. â€Å"We expect to realize a substantial savings.† â€Å"We expect to save substantially.† 19. â€Å"She stated with confidence that she will win by a landslide.† â€Å"She is confident that she will win by a landslide.† 20. â€Å"Are you interested in submitting an application?† â€Å"Are you interested in applying?† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Coordinating vs. Subordinating ConjunctionsWhenever vs. When EverOppose and Opposed To

Does understanding the political, economic and cultural relations Research Paper

Does understanding the political, economic and cultural relations among states help us determine the international business environment - Research Paper Example However, the reason why global interactions and their study has attracted so much attention is because a person in one country cannot say that he is immune from the affects of the global interaction, since the interaction is affecting people elsewhere. The interactions that take place on the international arena, therefore, encompass an array of fields such as the media, IGOs, trade agreements and business transactions (Salmon 289). Over the time, the field of business relations has undergone much change. Moreover, due to its diverse nature, it has been studied in great detail. The research conducted on the international business relations carried out between the states has found out that there is greater stress on the development of more accommodative and cooperative relationships between the involved parties. Governments share an interest in the development of healthy international relations in order to promote the business carried out and to achieve sustainable economic development . On the other hand, organizations of the partnering states are interested in the promotion of their trade and favor the development of mutual cooperative relations between the states (Grosse 3). The question arises that do factors that are determining the foreign relations of the states and the interaction that occurs between them influence business carried out between them. This paper explores the how political, economic and cultural relations between states impact the international business environment. International relations are defined in a number of ways. It is regarded and studied from a number of perspectives in order to gain more orientation of the global interactions that occur between states. The study came into existence in the early 1900s, and since then, it has been subject to a lot of scrutiny and has been the hotbed of debates relating to matters from international

The Concept of Healthy Lunch Provision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The Concept of Healthy Lunch Provision - Essay Example Roundabout sixty-five years ago, a lunch program for the school children American federal was introduced to make them healthy. During the great depression of the 1930s, the concept of the school lunch program was introduced by the provision of a small number of funds through government on the ad hoc basis. But these funds were not enough for each student of every school, and poor students were in need of food due to the stark of world war two. In 1946, a political party Congress take an initial step to pass an Act â€Å"as a measure of national security† by naming it National School Act. It was a guaranteed law for the food provided to the millions of needy school children. The provision of school lunch program by the government of America not only benefited the children but also expanded the range of business communities of agriculture and cafeteria fields on the basis of the subsidized food program. In the start, the program was not as successful due to lack of proper manage ment, but in these days the lunch is totally free of cost for those children whose families have low incomes or belong to poor class (HINMAN). A British TV chef Jamie Oliver stated about the school lunch menus during ABC News interview that, â€Å"Children are getting diabetes, heart disease, and all sorts of diseases that only used to show up in adults, because of the food they are eating. We can influence this in a massive way by improving at least one daily meal, school lunch.† When there was no restriction of lunch commodities by the Government officials, then the school administrations did not care for calorie control strategies and the students were free to whatever they like.

Differentiation Between Respiration and Breathing

Differentiation Between Respiration and Breathing Report: The differentiation between respiration and breathing and an explanation of the adaptation of the alveoli and their role in gas exchange. Introduction This report will explore the differences between respiration and breathing by defining their structures and functions and attaching a hand drawn diagram of the respiratory tract to refer to. The author will also give an explanation of how gasses are exchanged through the alveoli by providing a table explaining the composition of inhaled and exhaled air. A description of the adaptations of the alveoli will be provided to show how they maximise the effectiveness of gas exchange. A summary will then be drawn from the findings. Differences between respiration and breathing The Respiratory System (Appendix .1) The respiratory system consists of tissues and also organs that help with the process of breathing. The core parts of this important system are the airways, lungs, linked blood vessels, and also the muscles that allow breathing. Airways The airways are pipes that carry oxygen to the lungs. They also carry waste gas, such as carbon dioxide out of the lungs. The airways consists of; linked air passages in the nose, (called nasal cavities), the mouth, Larynx (voice box), the trachea (windpipe) and lastly tubes named bronchi or also known as bronchial tubes, and also their branches. Air moves into the body through the mouth and nose, which warms and also wets the air. (Dry cold air can irritate the lungs causing problems for asthma sufferers). The air then moves down the Larynx and through the trachea. The windpipe splits into two bronchial tubes, the ait moves through here and then enters the lungs (Remedy Health Media, 2015). A thin flap of tissue named the epiglottis, covers the windpipe when swallowing. This prevents both food and drink from entering the air passageways that lead to the lungs, if this failed to be successful an individual could die. With an exception of some parts of the nose and the mouth, all of the other airways have special hairs known as cilia that are coated with tacky/sticky mucus. These cilia trap foreign particles and germs that enter the airways when breathing in. These tiny, fine hairs then collect the particles up to the mouth or nose. From there, theyre swallowed, sneezed or coughed out. Nose hairs and mouth saliva also trap germs and particles. Lungs and Blood Vessels Remedy Health Media (2015), also suggest that linked blood vessels and also the lungs carry oxygen to the human body and also remove carbon dioxide. The lungs are situated on either side of the breastbone and fill the area of the chest cavity. The left hand lung is ever so slightly smaller than the right hand lung to allow room for the cardiac muscle (heart). In both lungs, the bronchi divide into thousands of thinner tubes known as bronchioles and these thin tubes end in bunches of tiny rounded air sacs known as alveoli. Each of the alveoli are covered with little blood vessels known as capillaries. The capillaries connect to a complex system of veins and arteries that transport blood through the whole body. The pulmonary artery including also its branches carry blood which is holding only carbon dioxide and no oxygen to the capillaries that surround the alveoli. Inside the alveoli, carbon dioxide transfers from the blood into the air. In conjunction with this, oxygen transfers from the air and into the blood within the capillaries. The blood which is now carrying the oxygen moves to the heart through the pulmonary vein and also its branches. The cardiac muscle pumps the blood holding the oxygen out to the body. The lungs are separated into five sections known as lobes. Some individuals have to have a diseased lung lobe removed, however they can still breathe sufficiently by using their remaining lung lobes. Muscles Used for Breathing Human Kinetics (2015), state that muscles situated near to the lungs help expand (loosen) and contract, (tighten) the lungs to allow breathing. These muscles comprise of the diaphragm, intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles and muscles in the neck and also collarbone area. The diaphragm is the main muscle for breathing and is dome-shaped and located beneath the lungs. It divides the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. They also explain that the intercostal muscles are positioned between the ribs. They also play a huge part in helping with our breathing. Beneath the diaphragm are the abdominal muscles. They help with breathing out when we breathe fast (for example, during exercise). Muscles in the neck and also collarbone area help with inhalation when other muscles involved in breathing dont work as well as they should, or when lung disease impairs breathing capacity. Breathing Inhalation Hyper physics (2012), explain that during inhalation, the diaphragm contracts (tightens) and moves down which maximises the space in the chest, allowing room for the lungs to expand. The intercostal muscles situated in between the ribs also help to enlarge the chest. They contract to move the rib cage both up and out when inhaling. As the lungs capacity increases, air is drawn in through the mouth and nose. The air makes its way through the windpipe and enters the lungs. After making its way through the bronchial tubes, the air finally reaches and moves into the alveoli. Through the extremely thin walls of the alveoli, oxygen taken from the air moves to the capillaries. Haemoglobin, a red blood cell protein aids the movement of oxygen from the alveoli to the blood. In conjunction with this, carbon dioxide travels from the capillaries into the alveoli. The gas has travelled in the bloodstream from the right side of the heart through the pulmonary artery. Blood carrying oxygen from the lungs is carried through the capillaries to the pulmonary vein which delivers the oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart. The left side of the heart pumps the blood to the rest of the body. There, the oxygen in the blood moves from blood vessels into surrounding tissues (Hyper physics, 2012). Exhalation During the act exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and moves up and into the chest cavity. The intercostal muscles which sit between the ribs also relax to decrease the space available within the chest cavity. As this available space in the chest cavity reduces, air rich in carbon dioxide is forced out of the lungs and then windpipe, and lastly out of the mouth or nose (Boundless Biology, 2015). Exhalation requires no effort unless lung disease is apparent or physical activity is taking place. During physically activity, the stomach muscles contract and force the diaphragm against the lungs more than usual which rapidly pushes air out of the lungs (Boundless Biology, 2015). The adaptations of the alveoli and their role in gas exchange Gas exchange An exchange of gases takes place within the alveoli, between the gases inside the alveoli and the blood. Blood that arrives in the alveoli has a greater carbon dioxide concentration which is produced during  respiration  by the body’s cells. However, the air in the alveoli has a much smaller concentration of carbon dioxide, resulting in a concentration gradient  which allows carbon dioxide to  diffuse  out of the blood and into the alveolar air (Intel, 2014). Also according to Intel (2014), blood arriving in the alveoli has a lower oxygen concentration (as it has been used for respiration by the body’s cells), while the air in the alveoli has a higher oxygen concentration. Therefore, oxygen moves into the blood by diffusion and combines with the  haemoglobin  in red blood cells to form the combined oxyhaemoglobin. This table taken from BBC (2014), shows the differences (estimated figures) in the composition of inhaled and exhaled air. Adaptations of the alveoli According to ABPI (2015), to maximise the effectiveness of gas exchange, the alveoli have numerous adaptations such as, they are folded, providing a much greater  surface area  for gas exchange to occur. Also the walls of the alveoli are only one cell thick which makes the exchange surface very thin shortening the diffusion distance across which gases have to move. Each alveolus is surrounded by blood  capillaries  which ensure a good blood supply. This is important as the blood is constantly taking oxygen away and bringing in more carbon dioxide, which helps to maintain the maximum concentration gradient between the blood and the air in the alveoli. Lastly each alveolus is  ventilated, removing waste carbon dioxide and replenishing oxygen levels in the alveolar air. This also helps to maintain the maximum concentration gradient between the blood and the air in the alveoli (ABPI, 2015). Summary This report has explored the differences between respiration and breathing by defining their structures and functions. The author has also give an explanation of how gasses are exchanged through the alveoli by providing a table explaining the composition of inhaled and exhaled air. A description of the adaptations of the alveoli has been provided to show how they maximise the effectiveness of gas exchange. Bibliography About. Com (2015) [Online] Available from: http://backandneck.about.com/od/breathing/a/breathingvencir_2.htm [Accessed: 5th May 2015]. BBC GCSE Bitesize (2014) [Online] Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/pe/appliedanatomy/1_anatomy_respiratorysys_rev1.shtml [Accessed: 5th May 2015]. Boundless Biology (2015) [Online] Available from: https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-respiratory-system-39/breathing-221/the-mechanics-of-human-breathing-838-12083/ [Accessed: 5th May 2015]. Boyle, M, Indge, B and Senior, K. 1999. Human Biology. London: Harper Collins. Human Kinetics (2015) [Online] Available from: http://www.humankinetics.com/excerpts/excerpts/learn-the-anatomy-and-physiology-of-the-muscles-involved-in-breathing [Accessed: 5th May 2015]. Hyper Physics (2012) [Online] Available from: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/respir.html [Accessed: 5th May 2015]. Intel Corporation (2014) [Online] Available from: http://inteleducationresources.intel.co.uk/content/KeyStage3/Biology/PC/LearningSteps/AOALC/LO_Template.swf [Accessed: 5th May 2015]. Joeseph, C. 2014. Anatomy. Ivy Press. Modelo Dynamic Views (2013) [Online] Available from: http://ibbiology2012.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/describe-features-of-alveoli-that-adapt.html [Accessed: 5th May 2015]. Preserve Articles (2012) [Online] Available from: http://www.preservearticles.com/201101133233/difference-between-breathing-and-respiration.html [Accessed: 5th May 2015]. Remedy Health Media (2015) [Online] Available from: http://www.healthcommunities.com/pulmonology-anatomy/respiratory-tract-anatomy.shtml [Accessed: 5th May 2015]. Ricardo Espulgas (2015) [Online] Available from: http://www.sci-culture.com/advancedpoll/GCSE/differencebetweenbreathingandrespiration.htm [Accessed: 5th May 2015]. Roberts, A. 2014. Human Anatomy, The Definitive Visual Guide. Dorling Kindersley Limited. The association of the Pharmaceutical Industry ABPI (2015) [Online] Available from: http://www.abpischools.org.uk/page/modules/breathingandasthma/asthma4.cfm?coSiteNavigation_allTopic=1 [Accessed: 5th May 2015]. Wen MD (2005-2015) [Online] Available from: http://www.webmd.com/lung/pulmonary-vascular-disease [Accessed: 5th May 2015]. Dominique Rundle

Merck †River Blindness Essay

Business Ethics. Concepts and cases 4th edt. , Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 1998 River blindness is an agonizing disease that affects some 18 million impoverished people living in remote villages along the banks of rivers in tropical regions of Africa and Latin America. The disease is caused by a tiny parasitic worm that is passed from person to person by the bite of the black fly which breeds in river waters. The tiny worms burrow under a person’s skin where they grow as long as two feet curled up inside ugly round nodules half an inch to an inch in diameter. Inside the nodules the worms reproduce by releasing millions of microscopic offsprings called microfilaria that wriggle their way throughout the body moving beneath the skin, discoloring it as they migrate, and causing lesions and such intense itching that victims sometimes commit suicide. Eventually, the microfilaria invade the eyes and gradually blind the victim. Spraying pesticides to eradicate the black fly faltered when it developed an immunity to the pesticides. Moreover, the only drugs available to treat the parasite in humans have been so expensive, have such severe side effects, and require such lenghty hospital stays that the treatments are impractical for the destitute victims who live in isolated villages. In many countries people have fled the areas along the rivers, abandoning large tracts of rich fertile land. Many of them, however, eventually return because distant lands prove difficult to farm. Most villagers along the rivers come to accept the nodules, the torturous itching, and eventual blindness as an inescapable part of life. In 1979, Dr. William Campbell, a research scientist working for Merck and Company, an American drug company, discovered evidence that one of the company’s best-selling animal drugs, Ivermectin, might kill the parasite that causes river blindness. Closer analysis indicated that Ivermectin might provide a low cost, safe, and simple cure for river blindness. Campbell and his research team therefore petitioned Merck’s chairman, Dr. P. Roy Vagelos, to allow them to develop a human version of the drug which up to then was used only on animals. Merck managers quickly realized that if the company succeeded in developing a human version of the drug, the victims of the disease were too poor to afford it. The medical research and large-scale clinical testing required to develop a version of the drug for humans could cost over $100 million. It was unlikely the company could recover these costs or that a viable market could develop in the poverty-stricken regions where the disease was rampant. Moreover, even if the drug was affordable, it would be virtually impossible to distribute it since victims lived in remote areas, and had no access to doctors, hospitals, clinics, or commercial drug outlets. Some managers also pointed out that if the drug had adverse side effects when administered to humans, ensuing bad publicity might taint the drug and adversely affect sales of the animal version of the drug which were about $300 million a year. The risk of harmful side effects was heightened by the possibility that incorrect use of the drug in underdeveloped nations could increase the potential for harm and bad publicity. Finally, if a cheap version of the drug was made available, it might be smuggled to black market and sold for use on animals thereby undermining the company’s lucrative sales of Ivermectin to veterinarians. Merck managers were undecided what to do. Although the company had worldwide sales of $2 billion a year, its net income as a percent of sales was in decline due to the rapidly rising costs of developing new drugs, the increasingly restrictive and costly regulations being imposed by government agencies, a lull in basic scientific breakthroughs, and a decline in the productivity of company research programs. Congress was getting ready to pass the Drug Regulation Act which would intensify competition in the drug industry by allowing competitors to more quickly copy and market drugs originally developed by other companies. As a result of increasing public concern over rising health costs, government programs such as Medicare and Medicaid had recently put caps on reimbursements for drugs and required cheaper generic drugs in place of the branded name drugs that were Merck’s major source of income. In the face of these worsening conditions in the drug industry, Merck managers were reluctant to undertake expensive projects that showed little economic promise, such as the suggested development of a drug for river blindness. Yet without the drug, millions would be condemned to lives of intense suffering, and partial or total blindness. After many earnest discussions among Vagelos and his management team, they came to the conclusion that the potential human benefits of a drug for river blindness were too significant to ignore. Many of the managers felt, in fact, that because of these human benefits the company was morally obligated to proceed in spite of the costs and the slim chance of economic reward. In late 1980, Vagelos and his fellow managers approved a budget that provided the sizable funding needed to develop a human version of Ivermectin. After seven years of expensive research and numerous clinical trials, Merck succeeded in developing a human version of Ivermectin: A single pill of the new drug taken once a year would eradicate from the human body all traces of the parasite that caused river blindness and would prevent new infections. Unfortunately, exactly as the company had earlier suspected, no one stepped forward to buy the miraculous new pill. Merck officials pleaded with the World Health Organization, the U. S. Government, and the governments of nations afflicted with the disease, asking that someone — anyone — come forward to buy the drug to protect the 85 million people who were at risk for the disease. None responded to the company’s pleas. Merck decided, therefore, that it would give the drug away for free to potential victims. However, this plan proved difficult to implement because, as the company had earlier feared, there were no established distribution channels to get the drug to the people who desperately needed it. Working with the World Health Organization, therefore, the company financed an international committee to provide the infrastructure to distribute the drug safely to people in the third world and to ensure it would not be diverted into the black market to be sold for use on animals. By 1996 the committee, working with government and private voluntary organizations, had provided the drug to millions of people, effectively transforming their lives and relieving the intense sufferings and potential blindness of the disease. Asked why the company had invested so much money and effort into research, developing, manufacturing, and distributing a drug that made no money, Dr. Roy Vagelos replied in an interview that once the company suspected that one of its animal drugs might cure a severe human disease that was ravaging people, the only ethical choice was to develop it. Moreover, people in the third world â€Å"will remember† that Merck helped them, he commented, and would respond favorably to the company in the future. Over the years, the company had learned, Vagelos claimed, that such actions have strategically important long-term advantages. â€Å"When I first went to Japan fifteen years ago, I was told by Japanese business people that it was Merck that brought streptomycin to Japan after World War II to eliminate tuberculosis, which was eating up their society. We did that. We didn’t make any money. But it’s no accident that Merck is the largest American pharmaceutical company in Japan today. † [†¦ ] Pundits sometimes quip that â€Å"business ethics† is a contradiction in terms because there is an inherent conflict between ethics and the self-interested pursuit of profit. When ethics conflict with profits, the imply, businesses always choose profits over ethics. Yet, the case of Merck and Company suggests a somewhat different perspective, a perspective that many companies are increasingly taking. The management of this company spent tens of millions of dollars developing a product that they knew had little chance of ever being profitable because they felt they had an ethical obligation to make its potential benefits available to people. In this case, at least, a large and very successful business chose ethics over profits. Moreover, the comments of Vagelos at the end of the case suggest that in the long run, there may be no inherent conflict between ethical behavior and the pursuit of profit. The comments of Vagelos suggest, on the contrary, that ethical behavior creates the kind of goodwill and reputation that expand opportunities for profit. Not all companies, of course, operate like Merck, and many—perhaps even most—companies will not invest in a research and development project that they have good reason to suspect will prove unprofitable. A glance at the headlines of newspapers, in fact, will reveal many cases of companies that choose profit over ethics, and enough cases of companies that have profited through unethical behavior. Although companies often engage in unethical behavior, however, habitually unethical behavior is not necessarily a good long-term business strategy for a company. Ask yourself, for example, whether, as a customer, you are more likely to buy from a business that you know is honest and trustworthy or from one that has earned a reputation for being dishonest and crooked? Or ask yourself whether, as an employee, you are more likely to loyally serve a company whose actions toward you are fair and respectful, or one that habitually treats you and other workers unjustly and disrespectfully? Clearly, when companies are competing against each other for customers and for the best workers, the company with a reputation for ethical behavior has an advantage over one with a reputation for being unethical.

Pathological Modern Human or Evolutionary Offshoot Essay

Upon initial discovery of the skeletons at Liang Bau cave on the island of Flores in Indonesia in 2003, these enigmatic skeletons were appropriately dubbed ,†Hobbits† by Australian and Indonesian researchers because of their small stature and curious bone structure. The location of the skeletons themselves is interesting because of the remoteness of the island from the Asian continent. This leads one to wonder how these people’s ancestors came to the island in the first place close to 800,000 years ago. It is highly debated whether or not these tiny skeletons are evidence of an offshoot of one of our evolutionary ancestors or examples of modern humans with pathologies that caused the deformities. If these skeletons are proved to be a new species in our genus, it would be a profound implication since these peoples were contemporary with modern humans as recently as 13,000 years ago and may have had some interaction. A recent study indicated that these humans were indeed a new species of the genus Homo, and had distinct characteristics, such as cranial morphology that was different from modern humans with pathologies like dwarfism or microcephalism (Kubo 2013). If they are indeed a new species, it leaves open the possibility of other unknown species of the genus Homo that might have been mischaracterized as a pathological deformity. Before going into the recent evidence for Homo Floresiensis being a distinct species of Homo, I’d like to establish some information that was known about these peoples. The skeletons that were discovered had an average height usually around one meter tall, weighing about twenty kilograms, and had a lifespan of approximately thirty years of age. Evidence from archaeological sites indicates that this pupulace utilized fire, along with stone tools and weapons. One of the most astonishing facts is that these people, who would have a stature close to a three year-ol d child, worked together and planned jointly in order to hunt big-game animals like the pygmy Stegodon, which could weigh up to a thousand kilograms. Although they had brains about the size of grapefruits with capacities around 400cc; compared to the average cranial capacity of modern humans, 1350cc; thisjoint communication and planning indicates that they had high cognitive capacity despite their small endocranial volume. There is additional evidence that shows that these people also hunted Komodo Dragons, giant rodents, and lizards, along with other small game animals, like fish, frogs, birds, snakes, and tortoises (Mayell 2004). Although it is unknown how these people first arrived on the island, it is known that they arrived around eight hundred and forty thousand years ago. It is postulated that these people who first came were most likely normal sized Homo Erectus from the Asian mainland, as evidence by their high degree of prognathism, lack of chins, and heavy brow ridge (Mayell 2004). Because the skeletons of Floresiensis also shows other primitive traits in their bone morphology, an alternative theory is that they came from an even older unknown ancestor is not excluded (Ghosh 2013). It is thought that the original inhabitants of this island shrunk over a long period of time by a process called Island Dwarfing that is evident in other animal species. It is likely that over tens of thousands of years their bodies shrunk because environmental conditions favored it. And it is no wonder that this process is the likely answer, because islands typically have a limited food supply, a small amount of predators, and other animals competing for resources, which would lead to the body gradually shrinking in order to reduce the daily energy requirements. One skeptical approach to this theory is that perhaps these people came to the island already dwarfed, due to the lack of larger bodied ancestors being found. It is unfortunate that these people have not survived into the mo dern era, which would allow us to have more solid information on their daily lives and physical traits, they went extinct along with their food sources about thirteen thousand years ago due to a volcanic eruption (Mayell 2004). Although there are many people who are skeptical that these miniature skeletons are indeed a new species, there is ample evidence that would indicate that these people are indeed a whole new species in the long line of our evolutionary history. At Liang Bau limestone cave, the site of the original discovery, many stone artefacts in the forms of complex tools and weapons were found dated to around one hundred thousand years ago, associated with the Late Pleistocene era. Because of the complexity of these artefacts, some claim that they were created by modern Homo Sapiens. This claim though, is ruled out by the evidence found at Mata Menge, a sitelocated about fifty kilometers to the east. Researchers at this site have noted that there is specific similarities and apparent continuity between the stone artefacts found there and the more recent artefacts found at Liang Bau cave (Brumm 2006). The authenticity of these complex stone artefacts is demonstrated by similar older finds in the Soa Basin, at the sites of Boa Lesa, Kobatuwa, and Mata Menge, which were all dated to around eight hundred thousand years ago, all showing similarities and technological development leading towards the more recent artefacts found at Liang Bau (B rumm 2006). Aside from the stone artefacts found dated to eight hundred thousand years ago that prove that the newer stone artefacts at Liang Bau were not made by modern H. Sapiens, there is even more convincing evidence in the bones of Homo Floresiensis that indicate that they are indeed a new species that evolved separately from the rest of the Homo Erectus population. Or perhaps from an even older undocumented ancestor that was dispersed into Southeast Asia (Jungers 2009). The female Homo Floresiensis skeleton that was found, dubbed LB1, was relatively intact, and researchers have been studying her bones to find clues to her evolutionary origin. Researchers initially looked at the morphology of the three wrist bones of LB1 for clues as to her evolutionary origin, this is a good way of determining evolutionary history because modern and upper paleolithic Homo Sapiens and Neandertals all have certain exclusive features of their wrist bone morphology that is absent in other species. Because of t his, looking at the formation of the wrist bones of Homo Floresiensis allow us to get an idea of whether or not they evolved from early Sapiens and Neandertals, or from an even earlier ancestor. LB1’s wrist morphology shares primitive features that is associated with African Ape-Human clade, while absent in modern humans. When compared to the bone morphology of our more recent evolutionary ancestors, it seems to indicate that it is unlikely that some unknown pathology is responsible for these primitive features being present (Tocheri 2007). Perhaps even more convincing is the fact that modern wrist bone morphology was not evident until as recently as eight hundred thousand years ago, which was contemporary with H. Floresiensis arrival on the island; and because they lack this feature, it seems to indicate that they were from an older ancestor that was established on the island before this distinct morphology formed. The wrist bones themselves were not the only bones under scrutiny by researchers, they also looked at the feet of H. Floresiensis, and it yielded surprising information that strengthened the probability that these peoples were indeed a separate species of the genus Homo. Upon inspecting the feet morphology of LB1, it was discovered that the feet were exceptionally long relative to the tibia and femur. This trait is not evident in any hominin species, but is found in certain African apes. The combination of the unusual lower-limb proportions and primitive pedal phalanges indicate that LB1 had distinct differences in biomechanical function from modern humans, and would have had a unique kinetic motion (Jungers 2009). This, along with the wrist morphology of LB1, all seem to indicate that they evolved from an early primitive ancestor, and making it extremely unlikely that these primitive bone morphologies were all caused by pathologies or some unknown disease. Perhaps the most important evidence for H. Floresiensis as a separate species and not simply a case of repeated pathologies or diseases, is the morphology of the skull relative to know pathologies or genetic diseases. Researchers compared a virtual endocast of LB1’s brain relative to endocasts from great apes, Homo Sapiens, Homo Erectus, a human pygmy, a human microcephalic, an Australopithecus Africanus, and a Paranthropus Aethiopicus. The data derived from these comparisons concluded that LB1’s cranial morphology is not consistent with a microcephalic or a pygmy, based on its’ morphometric, allometric, and shape data; with the only similarities being a small endocranial volume (Falk 2005). More recent research done thi s year has determined that LB1’s endocranial volume is a bit higher than previously thought, now at 426 cc, compared to the previous measurement of 400 cc. This is significant because when paired with the body-to-brain ratio, it indicates that as H. Floresiensis shrunk, its’ brain scaled down to compensate for the reduction of body mass; which implies in the past H. Floresiensis brain and body was larger and could have descended from an earlier small-brained ancestor or the larger brained H. Erectus (Kubo 2013). Although the brain is still extremely small when compared to modern humans, â€Å"LB1 has frontal and temporal lobes and a lunate sulcus in a derived position, which is consistent with capabilities for higher cognitive processing† (Falk 2005). This conclusion indicates that it is a likely possibility that H. Floresiensis is a separate species, based on the fact that these bone morphologies are unlikely to occur simply from pathologies or defects, and are not consistent with modern cases of such pathologies. Also, their arrival on the island is contemporary with when modern wrist morphology was developed, and because they lack this morphology along with the standard lower-limb proportions, to me it indicates that they were evolved from an older and more primitive ancestor down our evolutionary line, and should be considered a new species. This find initially was significant because people started to research and think about the possibility that these â€Å"hobbits† were indeed a new species. And as more research was done on their bone morphology, it became even more significant because the additional research increased the probability that this was truly a new species, and not just a case of an unknown pathology or disease. The implication that this is a new species has far reaching and significant effects; it shows us that our evolutionary history was not as straightforward as we once thought, and that evolution took us through a few twists and turns to get where we are today (Ghosh 2013). This should cause archaeologists to be more open minded about our evolutionary history, and consider other undiscovered evolutionary paths we are unaware of. And maybe this being accepted as a new species will lead to the discovery of other past forms of Homo that we have overlooked as being the effects of a pathology or dis ease. I would definitely consider this one of the more interesting and important finds of the twenty-first century. Bibliography Ghosh, Pallab 2013 BBC News : Science and Environment. Web Page, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-22166736, accessed May 5, 2013 Mayell, Hillary 2004 National Geographic News. Web Page, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/10/1027_041027_homo_floresiensis.html, accessed May 5, 2013 Tocheri, Matthew 2007 The Primitive Wrist of Homo Floresiensis and Its Implications for Hominin Evolution Science 21, Vol. 317, No. 5845 : 1743-1745 Falk, Dean 2005 The Brain of LB1, Homo Floresiensis Science 8, Vol. 308, No. 5719 : 242-245 Jungers, W. L. 2009 The Foot of Homo Floresiensis Nature 459 : 81-84 Brumm, Adam 2006 Early stone technology on Flores and its implications for Homo floresiensis Nature 441 : 624-628 Kubo, Daisuke 2013 Brain size of Homo floresiensis and its evolutionary implications Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Vol. 280, No. 1760

A Comparison of Great Scientists in History Essay

Socrates was an Ancient Greek philosopher who lived from 469-399 B.C. Much of what he knew he learned from another famous Ancient Greek philosopher, Plato. Concerning logic and human behavior in general, â€Å"Socrates’ life was inspired by discussion and debate with both the young of Athens and the leading philosophers of his day† (Daintith, Vol. 9 93). He introduced methodical and ordered thinking. Socrates is quoted as having said, â€Å"It seemed to me a superlative thing to know the explanation of everything, why it comes to be, why it perishes, and why it is† (Daintith, Vol. 9 93). This summarizes what he sought to discover and understand throughout the entirety of his life. 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